Nonlinear dynamics is the branch of physics that studies systems governed by equations more complex than the linear, aX+b form. Nonlinear systems, such as the weather or neurons, often appear chaotic, ...

Molecular dynamics is a method that uses Newton’s equations of motion to computationally simulate the time evolution of a set of interacting atoms. Such techniques are dependent on a description of ...

Julia Kagan is a financial/consumer journalist and former senior editor, personal finance, of Investopedia. Financial institutions provide signature guarantees to confirm that signatures on documents ...

Mark Jahn is a financial writer, editor, consultant, and award-winning economist covering ETFs, stocks, cryptocurrencies, options, and more. Dr. JeFreda R. Brown is a financial consultant, Certified ...