Investopedia contributors come from a range of backgrounds, and over 25 years there have been thousands of expert writers and editors who have contributed. Vikki Velasquez is a researcher and writer ...

Determining the total cost of ownership (TCO) of a software purchase is a complex process, rife with follow-on and hidden factors that must be taken into account. Here’s how to achieve a more accurate ...

Debt-to-income ratio shows how your debt stacks up against your income. Lenders use DTI to assess your ability to repay a loan. Many, or all, of the products featured on this page are from our ...

Calculate dividends by subtracting year-end retained earnings from start-year retained earnings, then net income. Dividend payout ratio (DPR) is found by dividing total dividends by net income to ...