In 1993, neurologists Harold P. Adams Jr., MD, and Jose Biller, MD, and colleagues proposed a new way to classify strokes. It became known as the TOAST classification. Twenty-two years later, the ...

Panelists explore stroke classification and clinical presentation, highlighting key differences between ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, the TOAST system for subtype identification, and the ...

Ischemic stroke is heterogeneous in aetiology, encompassing large artery atherosclerosis, small vessel occlusion and cardioembolism, among other less common causes. Precise subclassification underpins ...