With machine learning methods and an advanced technique called lattice light sheet microscopy (LLSM), scientists have now revealed structures on the surface of B cells that influence how those immune ...

Definition: Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM), also known as Surface Potential Microscopy, is a cutting-edge scanning probe microscopy technique that measures the surface potential of materials at ...

Perovskite solar cells have garnered widespread attention as a low-cost, high-efficiency alternative to conventional silicon ...

One has to look very closely to exactly understand what processes take place on the surfaces of catalysts. Solid catalysts are often finely structured materials made of tiny crystals. There are ...

Various microscopy techniques exist to monitor catalyzed chemical processes on such surfaces. They use, for example, ultraviolet light, X-rays or electrons. But no single method alone provides a ...

Irregularities on a surface determine how rough it is. Surface roughness can be evaluated by visual appearances and tactile sensation and can be measured using a numerical scale. A surface condition ...