Structural adjustment programmes underlying firstly IMF, and then later on World Bank were fundamentally based on two models – the ‘Polak model’ and the ‘Swan-Salter model’ – developed during the ...

Is Kenya undergoing a contemporary iteration of the Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) that were implemented across Africa in the 1980s and 1990s? Get Full Access for Ksh299/Week.

(a) Review and modify, with the full and equal participation of women, macroeconomic and social policies with a view to achieving the objectives of the Platform for Action; (b) Analyse, from a gender ...

JOHANNESBURG, South Africa, Oct 7 2025 (IPS) - The World Bank's 1981 Berg Report provided the blueprint for structural adjustment, including economic liberalisation in Africa. Urging trade ...

Africa Development / Afrique et Développement, Vol. 13, No. 4 (1988), pp. 45-73 (29 pages) Structural Adjustment programmes devised by the IMF and World Bank and implemented in developing countries ...

Is Kenya undergoing a contemporary iteration of the Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) that were implemented across Africa in the 1980s and 1990s? This question merits consideration as we observe ...