Electroslag remelting (ESR) is an advanced secondary refining technique that has become central to the production of high-quality steel. In this process, a consumable electrode is melted through a ...

The expansion of railroads and manufacturing during the late-19th century sparked strong demand for materials such as iron. However, early processes for refining crude iron ore were labor- and ...

Many applications require steel to be shaped and curved, highlighting the importance of maintaining a sufficient level of ductility to enable bending without allowing ...