During femtosecond laser fabrication, photons are mainly absorbed by electrons, and the subsequent energy transfer from electrons to ions is of picosecond order. Hence, lattice motion is negligible ...

The two most common categories of process responses in industrial manufacturing processes are self-regulating and integrating. A self-regulating process response to a step input change is ...

Process control can be viewed as the executive portion of a unit process. It provides the means to direct a process so that it produces the desired results. It is complementary to the role played by ...

Advanced process control (APC) has incorporated and will continue to incorporate new technologies and methodologies that allow refiners and petrochemical plant operators to achieve and sustain ...