To model the environment, targets, and obstacles are modeled as geometrical shapes and stored in a data structure, e.g., a graph, whose nodes and edges are represented by points and lines 10. UAVs ...

In modern industrial and laboratory environments, robotic arms often operate in complex, cluttered spaces. Ensuring reliable obstacle avoidance and efficient motion planning is therefore essential for ...

According to the environment modeling approach, path planning algorithms of micro-/nanorobots are classified into searching, sampling, and dynamic aspects. The searching path planning algorithms ...