LED-driver circuits can be dimmed by applying a variable duty cycle (pulse-width modulation, or PWM) to the LED. PWM exploits LED behavior: At higher current levels, the LED’s light output is higher ...

This circuit transforms a pulse-width-modulation (PWM) signal into non-overlapping clock signals, whose number depends on the length of a shift register. These clock signals can be used to power up ...

Many embedded-microcontroller applications require generation of analog signals. An integrated or stand-alone DAC fills the role. However, you can often use PWM signals for generating the required ...

Most of us know about PWM DACs. They are easy to implement, cheap, and acceptable for low performance applications. The approach is to filter the HF components of the PWM signal and be left with only ...

The rear light is of utmost importance for road safety. However, since the space required on the electrical module is limited, several functions must be implemented using just one circuit, for example ...

In my previous article, I described the four most common methods for motor and pump control: input voltage, input voltage pulse-width modulation (PWM), external PWM, and 0–5V DC analog speed input.