Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a basic concept that is employed in many areas of electronics. PWM is a simple averaging method that is used in everything from microwave power percentages to LED ...

Use the FPGA as a CPU which allows you to add predefined I/O blocks Build custom peripherals for an external CPU from predefined I/O blocks Build custom logic circuitry from scratch Projects that ...

What is duty cycle? Duty cycle is defined by the percentage of high voltage duration in a complete digital pulse. If the duty cycle is 50%, then it will remain on for exact half the duration of the ...

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a fundamental technique in power electronics that facilitates the efficient control of power delivery by modulating the width of voltage or current pulses. This method ...

Why PWM? Switch-mode converters employ a power semiconductor switch (usually a MOSFET) to drive a magnetic element (transformer or inductor) whose rectified output produces a dc voltage. Efficiencies ...

Although the Altera MAX IIZ CPLD is a digital programmable logic device, it is versatile enough to control analog systems. This article shows how MAX IIZ CPLDs – alone or with a few passive ...

Ever notice that the ESP32-S3 doesn’t have a digital-to-analog converter? [Chris] did and asserts that he doesn’t care because he can just use the PDM system to get the same result. PDM — pulse ...

When an application requires changes in motor speeds to meet its objectives, a variable frequency drive (VFD) is often the first thing that comes to mind. This is for good reason—VFDs are typically ...

Fig 1. A DSM and its corresponding filter look remarkably similar. The primary difference is the signal being fed back. Fig 2. Compare the PWM, PRM, and DSM. Note that the difference between a PWM and ...