Thin films form the basis of many industries today, including semiconductors, electric vehicles, smart optical coatings, sophisticated medical equipment, and protective layers on high-temperature ...

A transparent conductive oxide (TCO) is a material that is optically transparent and electrically conductive. It is frequently utilized as a top electrode in thin-film solar cells, flat-panel displays ...

Semiconductor devices are becoming thinner and more complex, making thin deposited films even harder to measure and control. With 3nm node devices in production and 2nm nodes ramping toward ...

The major factors affecting the performance of crystalline thin films are the presence of grain boundaries and inherent crystal structure. Post-deposition annealing is frequently employed to improve ...