THE anatomical descriptions of the venous system of the seal have impressively described the large hepatic venous sinuses and the existence of a sleeve-like valve surrounding the inferior vena cava 1.

THE rationale for venous ligation in pulmonary embolic disease is based on its assumed ability to prevent subsequent emboli from reaching the lungs. The level of the inferior vena cava is now ...

ALTHOUGH ligation of the inferior vena cava for prevention of pulmonary emboli is being performed increasingly often a difference of opinion still exists regarding the choice between ...