Flame propagation and gas explosion dynamics constitute a crucial research area, intersecting fluid dynamics, combustion chemistry, and heat transfer. This field examines the complex interplay between ...

(a) Penetration of the metal jet; (b) propagation of the ballistic wave and shock wave; (c) bubble pulsation. The time t (in milliseconds) is labeled in the bottom right corner, which corresponds to ...

Dust explosions represent a critical hazard across numerous industries, with dynamics governed by factors such as particle size, moisture content, concentration, and inherent material properties. The ...