At its core, SPM operates on the principle of measuring interactions between a sharp probe and the surface of a material. As the probe scans across the surface, it detects variations in physical ...

With the inventions of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in 1931 and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shortly after in 1937, scientists gained an unprecedented ultrastructural view of the ...

Until today, skin, brain, and all tissues of the human body were difficult to observe in detail with an optical microscope, since the contrast in the image was hindered by the high density of their ...

For centuries, scientists have used microscopes to magnify and peer into a world invisible to the naked eye. The earliest instruments were simple lens-filled tubes, the best of which revealed the ...