The purpose of the network layer is to help route messages between different local networks. Central to this layer is the concept of exclusive network addresses, where every terminal connected to the ...

When working with TCP/IP, the model is simplified to four layers plus the physical layer as shown in Figure 2-4. This figure depicts the encapsulation process with protocol overhead down to Ethernet, ...

TCP/IP is the collection of protocols that manages connectivity across the Internet. Because system attacks that take advantage of flaws and weaknesses in the protocol generally do not get as much ...

Over the last several years, TCP/IP has gone from being the protocol that only geeks use, to a universal protocol that everyone uses, thanks to the widespread use of the Internet. TCP/IP has been ...

The data transfer in a TCP/IP network is usually block-based. From a programmer’s point of view, sending data means issuing a series of “send data block” requests. On a system level, sending an ...

In this tutorial we will discuss the concept of Ports and how they work with IP addresses. If you have not read our article on IP addresses and need a brush up, you can find the article here. If you ...

It probably seemed like science fiction back in 1962 when a scientist from MIT and the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) named J.C.R. Licklider proposed that the United States develop a ...

NETSTAT base parameters can help you troubleshoot TCP/IP problems Your email has been sent Tracing TCP/IP connectivity problems on a system can be very time-consuming, considering the many connections ...

In a previous article, we explained how you can use the sendfile() syscall to reduce the overhead of data transfer from a disk to a network. Now, we’re going to cover another aspect of network ...