Precise changes in the connectivity between neurons caused by an imbalance of gut bacteria may help explain depressive ...

Tiny lab-grown “mini brains” are no longer just a futuristic curiosity. By capturing the electrical chatter of neurons in a ...

Bipolar disorders include several disorders of emotion, energy and thought that are characterized by biphasic mood episodes of mania or hypomania and depression and are expressed as recurrent episodes ...

Operant conditioning, sometimes called instrumental conditioning or Skinnerian conditioning, is a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior. Through operant conditioning, ...