Real-world optimization problems, such as global optimization, cleaner production system, and complex design challenges are inherently complex, involving many variables and constraints. These factors ...

Evolutionary algorithms form a robust class of metaheuristic methods inspired by natural selection, designed to tackle combinatorial optimisation tasks where the search space grows factorially or ...

The urban low-altitude logistics network adopts a hub-and-spoke, multi-layered structure. Its nodes are waypoints mapped to corresponding altitude layers based on spoke nodes (delivery spots) and hub ...