Physicists have shown that Markov processes, widely used to model complex systems, must unfold over a larger space than previously assumed. Scientists believe that time is continuous, not discrete -- ...

Researchers demonstrate a novel method for transforming continuous time crystals into discrete ones using subharmonic injection locking, offering new insights into symmetry breaking and control in ...

As an extension of the discrete-time case, this note investigates the variance of the total cumulative reward for continuous-time Markov reward chains with finite state spaces. The results correspond ...