Modern language testing exerts a profound influence on educational practice through the phenomenon known as washback, whereby assessment shapes curriculum, pedagogy and learner behaviour. Positive ...

Language assessment encompasses the principles, instruments and procedures used to evaluate individuals’ communicative competence, proficiency and learning progress. It draws on a diverse range of ...

There are two general locations upon the landscape of second language teaching and learning where individuals learn a second, foreign, or additional language. The first is in a socio-cultural context ...