To obtain causal interpretation, we need to define the causal estimand through potential outcome framework (introduced in section 'Causal inference') and figure out a way to find an estimator (a ...

In the article that accompanies this editorial, Lu et al 5 conducted a systematic review on the use of instrumental variable (IV) methods in oncology comparative effectiveness research. The main ...

Although it is the goal of most statistical investigation, causal inference has traditionally been ignored by statistical theory. Fortunately, there is now intense activity in a number of fields, ...