Steelmaking slags are complex oxide-rich by-products generated during basic oxygen and electric arc furnace processes. Their varied mineralogy—encompassing calcium silicates, free lime, periclase and ...

Numerical modelling of gas dynamics in steelmaking merges fluid mechanics, thermodynamics and reaction kinetics to elucidate the complex interactions between high-speed gas jets and molten metal baths ...

Although world steel production has grown at a relatively slow rate since the mid 1970s, the process by which the steel is produced has changed, with a continuing shift from open hearth to oxygen ...

Real-time gas analysis is essential for steel decarburization control, improving quality, reducing defects, and optimising furnace efficiency.