The calculation of reflections at low angles is an essential component of multiple procedures that involve compounds with extensive structural properties. These compounds have gained attention within ...

The diffraction grating of a spectrometer partially determines the optical resolution that can be achieved by the spectrometer and also determines the wavelength range. Selecting the correct grating ...

X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a powerful non-destructive analytical technique used to evaluate crystalline materials and determine their structural properties. As one of the most widely used ...

The spectrum of laser technologies available to hackers has gradually widened from basic gas lasers through CO2 tubes, diode lasers, and now fiber lasers. One of the newer entries is the MOPA laser, ...

Introduction Have you ever seen video footage of an avalanche or landslide rolling down a hill? Why is it that at one moment everything seems fine then suddenly the mountain begins to slump? This ...